Allergies are an exaggerated immune system response to generally harmless substances known as allergens. These substances can include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, certain foods, medications, and insect bites. When an allergic person comes into contact with an allergen, their body produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE), which trigger the release of chemicals such as histamine, causing the typical symptoms of an allergic reaction.
Common Allergy Symptoms
Symptoms can vary depending on the type of allergy and the severity of the reaction. Some of the most common include:
Respiratory allergies (allergic rhinitis or asthma):
Sneezing.
Nasal congestion.
Itching of the nose, throat, or eyes.
Coughing.
Difficulty breathing (in cases of asthma).
Skin allergies:
Rashes (hives).
Itchy skin.
Redness or swelling.
Food allergies:
Itching in the mouth or throat.
Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Swelling of the lips, tongue, or face.
Allergies to medications or insect bites:
Skin reactions.
Swelling.
In severe cases, anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening).
Common Types of Allergens
Environmental Allergens:
Pollen (from trees, grasses, or weeds).
Dust Mites.
Mold.
Pet Dander (cats, dogs, etc.).
Foods:
Nuts (peanuts, walnuts).
Shellfish.
Eggs.
Milk.
Wheat.
Medications:
Antibiotics (penicillin).
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Others:
Bee or wasp stings.
Latex.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of allergies generally includes:
Medical history: Identifying symptoms and possible triggers.
Skin tests: Applying small amounts of allergens to the skin to observe reactions.
Blood tests: Measuring specific IgE levels for certain allergens.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the allergy. Some options include:
Avoiding the allergen: The best way to prevent an allergic reaction.
Medications:
Antihistamines (relieve symptoms such as itching and sneezing).
Decongestants (reduce nasal congestion).
Corticosteroids (reduce inflammation).
Inhalers (for asthma).
Immunotherapy: Allergy shots or sublingual drops to reduce sensitivity to the allergen over time.
Epinephrine (adrenaline): For severe cases of anaphylaxis. Administered using an auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen).
Prevention
Identify and avoid known allergens.
Maintain a clean and dust-free environment.
Use dust-mite covers on mattresses and pillows.
Consult an allergist for proper management.
If you suspect you have allergies, it is important to consult a doctor or allergist for proper diagnosis and treatment. Don’t ignore symptoms, especially if they are severe!
